Single-photon depth system images targets 1 km away

April 4, 2013

Washington, DC--An OSA Optics Express paper describes a single-photon time-of-flight depth imaging system that can image targets in 3D at 1 km distances.

Gail Overton

3D images of a mannequin (top) and actual person (bottom) are shown at a distance of 325 m. The left-hand panels show close-up photos of the targets taken with a standard camera. In the center are 3D images of these targets taken by the new scanner from 325 m away. On the right is a color-coded map showing the number of photons that bounce off the targets and return to the detector, with black indicating a low number of photons. Notice that human skin does not show up well using the scanner: the mannequin's face includes depth information, but the person's face does not.

Washington, DC--A paper just published in OSA's Optics Express entitled "Kilometer-range, high resolution depth imaging via 1560 nm wavelength single-photon detection," describes a new time-of-flight (ToF) imaging method (http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-48/issue-06/world-news/time-of-flight-camera-sees-around-corners.html) from a team of Scotland-based physicists that overcomes the typically short-range capability and reflectance issues associated with many ToF systems. The research team, led by Gerald Buller, a professor at Heriot-Watt University (Edinburgh, Scotland) says the new single-photon depth imaging system can gather high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) information about objects that are typically very difficult to image—from up to a kilometer away.

The new system works by sweeping a low-power infrared laser beam rapidly over an object. It then records, pixel-by-pixel, the round-trip flight time of the photons in the beam as they bounce off the object and arrive back at the source. The system can resolve depth on the millimeter scale over long distances using a detector that can "count" individual photons. Although other approaches can have exceptional depth resolution, the ability of the new system to image objects like items of clothing that do not easily reflect laser pulses makes it useful in a wider variety of field situations, says Heriot-Watt University research fellow Aongus McCarthy.

"Our approach gives a low-power route to the depth imaging of ordinary, small targets at very long range," McCarthy says. "Whilst it is possible that other depth-ranging techniques will match or out-perform some characteristics of these measurements, this single-photon counting approach gives a unique trade-off between depth resolution, range, data-acquisition time, and laser-power levels." The primary use of the system is likely to be scanning static, manmade targets, such as vehicles. With some modifications to the image-processing software, it could also determine their speed and direction.

The 1560 nm long wavelength used in the imaging system (http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-49/issue-01/features/photon-counting--upconversion-imager-measures-single-mid-ir-phot.html) travels more easily through the atmosphere, is not drowned out by sunlight, and is safe for eyes at low power. Many previous ToF systems could not detect the extra-long wavelengths that the Scottish team's device is specially designed to sense. The scanner is particularly good at identifying objects hidden behind clutter, such as foliage. However, it cannot render human faces, instead drawing them as dark, featureless areas. This is because at the long wavelength used by the system, human skin does not reflect back a large enough number of photons to obtain a depth measurement. However, the reflectivity of skin can change under different circumstances. "Some reports indicate that humans under duress—for example, with perspiring skin—will have significantly greater return signals," and thus should produce better images, McCarthy says.

Outside of target identification, photon-counting depth imaging could be used for a number of scientific purposes, including the remote examination of the health and volume of vegetation and the movement of rock faces, to assess potential hazards. Ultimately, McCarthy says, it could scan and image objects located as far as 10 kilometers away. "It is clear that the system would have to be miniaturized and ruggedized, but we believe that a lightweight, fully portable scanning depth imager is possible and could be a product in less than five years."

Next steps for the team include making the scanner work faster. Although the data for the high-resolution depth images can be acquired in a matter of seconds, currently it takes about five to six minutes from the onset of scanning until a depth image is created by the system. Most of that lag, McCarthy says, is due to the relatively slow processing time of the team's available computer resources. "We are working on reducing this time by using a solid-state drive and a higher specification computer, which could reduce the total time to well under a minute. In the longer term, the use of more dedicated processors will further reduce this time."

SOURCE: OSA's Optics Express; http://www.osa.org/en-us/about_osa/newsroom/newsreleases/2013/new_camera_system_creates_high-resolution_3-d_imag/

About the Author

Gail Overton | Senior Editor (2004-2020)

Gail has more than 30 years of engineering, marketing, product management, and editorial experience in the photonics and optical communications industry. Before joining the staff at Laser Focus World in 2004, she held many product management and product marketing roles in the fiber-optics industry, most notably at Hughes (El Segundo, CA), GTE Labs (Waltham, MA), Corning (Corning, NY), Photon Kinetics (Beaverton, OR), and Newport Corporation (Irvine, CA). During her marketing career, Gail published articles in WDM Solutions and Sensors magazine and traveled internationally to conduct product and sales training. Gail received her BS degree in physics, with an emphasis in optics, from San Diego State University in San Diego, CA in May 1986.