November 18, 2008--Silicon chips developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory (Cambridge, MA) are at the heart of a new survey telescope that will soon provide a more than fivefold improvement in scientists' ability to detect asteroids and comets that could someday pose a threat to the planet.
The prototype telescope installed on Haleakala mountain, Maui, will begin operation this December, and is the first of four that will be housed together in one dome. The system, called Pan-STARRS (for Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System), is being developed at the University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy.
"This is a truly giant instrument," said University of Hawaii astronomer John Tonry, who led the team developing the new 1.4 gigapixel camera. "We get an image that is 38,000 by 38,000 pixels in size, or about 200 times larger than you get in a high-end consumer digital camera." Pan-STARRS, whose cameras cover an area of sky six times the width of the full moon and can detect stars 10 million times fainter than those visible to the naked eye, is also unique in its ability to find moving or variable objects.
In the mid-1990s, Lincoln Laboratory researchers Barry Burke and Dick Savoye of the Advanced Imaging Technology Group, in collaboration with Tonry, who was then working at MIT, developed the orthogonal-transfer charge-coupled device (OTCCD), a CCD that can shift its pixels to cancel the effects of random image motion. Many consumer digital cameras use a moving lens or chip mount to provide camera-motion compensation and thus reduce blur, but the OTCCD does this electronically at the pixel level and at much higher speeds.
The challenge presented by the Pan-STARRS camera is its exceptionally wide field of view. For wide fields of view, jitter in the stars begins to vary across the image, and an OTCCD with its single shift pattern for all the pixels begins to lose its effectiveness. The solution for Pan-STARRS, proposed by Tonry and developed in collaboration with Lincoln Laboratory, was to make an array of 60 small, separate OTCCDs on a single silicon chip. This architecture enabled independent shifts optimized for tracking the varied image motion across a wide scene.
The primary mission of Pan-STARRS is to detect Earth-approaching asteroids and comets that could be dangerous to the planet. When the system becomes fully operational, the entire sky visible from Hawaii (about three-quarters of the total sky) will be photographed at least once a week, and all images will be entered into powerful computers at the Maui High Performance Computer Center. Scientists at the center will analyze the images for changes that could reveal a previously unknown asteroid. They will also combine data from several images to calculate the orbits of asteroids, looking for indications that an asteroid may be on a collision course with Earth.
For more information, visit pan-starrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/public/.