An experimental laser developed by the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Garching, Germany), TOPTICA Projects GmbH (Gräfelfing, Germany), and other industry partners passed a key test last month at the Allgaeuer Volkssternwarte Ottobeuren observatory (Ottobeuren, Germany). The adaptive optics laser, which has important additional capabilities compared to existing systems, will be installed at the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Optical Ground Station (Tenerife, Spain) in the frame of the ESO–ESA Research & Development collaboration. The higher laser power and its chirping system will lead to significant improvements in the sharpness of astronomical images taken with ground-based telescopes. The technology also opens the door for developments in laser satellite communication.
Astronomical adaptive optics refers to systems on ground-based telescopes that correct for the blurring effect brought about by turbulence in the Earth’s atmosphere—the same effect that causes stars seen from Earth to “twinkle.” To remove the distortions, these systems require a bright reference star close to the object of study. Because these stars are not always conveniently placed on the sky, astronomers use lasers to excite sodium atoms at 90 km altitude in the Earth’s atmosphere, creating artificial stars near the field of interest that can be used to map and correct for the atmospheric turbulence.
The 63 W laser locked to the sodium wavelength is already a significant leap forward compared to current astronomy laser technology. However, a second important step has been the experimental frequency chirping system developed and implemented by TOPTICA Projects in collaboration with ESO, that is targeted to also improve the signal-to-noise of the adaptive optics system.
Chirping consists in rapidly changing the frequency to which the laser is tuned. This increases the number of sodium atoms excited by the laser, making the artificial star brighter and thus improving the turbulence correction. TOPTICA Projects has installed the chirping prototype on the ESO 63 W CaNaPy laser and, together with ESO, has commissioned on sky both the laser and its novel chirping system.
Once the technology is installed at the ESA Optical Ground Station, it will provide both organizations with opportunities to advance the use of laser guide star adaptive optics technologies not only for astronomy, but also for satellite optical communication.